Rhinoplasty Procedure in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery


Dưới đây là phiên bản tiếng Anh đầy đủ của báo cáo chuyên sâu về quy trình phẫu thuật sửa mũi (Rhinoplasty). Toàn bộ nội dung đã được dịch sát nghĩa, giữ nguyên cấu trúc và thuật ngữ chuyên môn.


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DETAILED TECHNICAL REPORT  

Rhinoplasty Procedure in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

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1. Introduction  

Rhinoplasty is a surgical procedure that reshapes the nasal framework to enhance facial aesthetics and/or improve airway function. It is one of the most common cosmetic operations and requires in-depth knowledge of nasal anatomy, micro-surgical technique, and facial aesthetics.


2. Indications  

• Low dorsum, flat or bulbous nasal tip  

• Dorsal hump, congenital or post-traumatic deviation  

• Facial imbalance due to nasal asymmetry; septal deviation causing airway obstruction  

• Deformities from previous surgery, burns, tumors, or infection


3. Contraindications  

• Uncontrolled coagulopathy  

• Active systemic diseases (e.g., lupus, scleroderma)  

• Heavy smoking; unstable psychiatric conditions  

• Acute skin or sinus infection


4. Pre-operative Assessment  

4.1 Clinical exam: measure nasal length, dorsal height, naso-frontal and naso-labial angles, skin thickness.  

4.2 Imaging: standardized 2D/3D photography; CT scan if bony or traumatic issues suspected.  

4.3 Functional tests: nasal endoscopy, airflow studies, septal and valve evaluation.  

4.4 Expectation management: 3D simulation and discussion of anatomical limits.


5. Patient Preparation  

• Discontinue aspirin/NSAIDs ≥ 7 days; stop smoking ≥ 4 weeks  

• Basic labs, blood type, ECG, chest X-ray as indicated  

• Prophylactic antibiotics (cefazolin 1–2 g) 30 min before incision  

• Nasal antisepsis with 7.5 % povidone-iodine scrub


6. Anesthesia  

• Usually general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation; TIVA for short cases  

• Local infiltration (1 % lidocaine + epinephrine 1:100,000) along incision lines to minimize bleeding


7. Surgical Approaches  

7.1 Closed Rhinoplasty  

   – Intranasal incisions (marginal or intercartilaginous); no external scar  

   – Limited exposure, but less edema and faster recovery  

7.2 Open Rhinoplasty  

   – Adds trans-columellar V or inverted-V incision  

   – Maximal exposure for complex tip work and grafting


8. Standard Operative Steps  

8.1 Incision & Dissection  

   • Incise as per chosen approach; sub-SMAS or sub-perichondrial/periosteal planes to preserve blood supply.  

8.2 Septal Management  

   • Resection or grafting to correct deviation; septal extension graft for tip support.  

8.3 Dorsal Work  

   • Hump reduction: 2–3 mm osteotome and rasps, ensure symmetry.  

   • Dorsal augmentation: autologous cartilage (rib, septum) fascia, or silicone/ePTFE implant.  

8.4 Tip & Columella  

   • Columellar strut graft between alar cartilages for projection.  

   • Tip/shield grafts to adjust rotation and projection.  

   • Alar modification: wedge excision or alar base reduction for wide nostrils.  

8.5 Osteotomies  

   • Medial and lateral cuts to close open roof and straighten bony vault.  

8.6 Closure  

   • Columella closed with 6-0 nylon; mucosa with absorbable 5-0.  

   • Silastic septal splints 5–7 days; external thermoplastic splint 7–10 days.


9. Grafting Materials  

• Autologous cartilage: septum (≤ 2 cm), rib (5–6 cm; risk of warping), auricular concha.  

• Alloplastic: silicone, expanded-PTFE; easy shaping but risk infection/extrusion.  

• Biologic: acellular dermal matrix, temporalis fascia to camouflage thin skin.


10. Post-operative Care  

• Oral antibiotics 5 days; analgesia with acetaminophen/short-term opioids  

• Cold compresses first 48 h, head elevation, sneeze with mouth open  

• Follow-up: day 3, day 7 (splint removal), 1 mo, 3 mo, 6 mo, 1 yr  

• Avoid heavy glasses 6 wks; contact sports ≥ 8 wks


11. Complications & Management  

• Early: bleeding (1–3 %), infection (<1 %), seroma/hematoma, columellar skin necrosis  

• Late: dorsal deviation, graft/implant extrusion, over-rotation or ptotic tip, hypertrophic scar  

• Management: drainage, antibiotics, secondary revision after 6–12 mo once tissues stabilize


12. Outcomes & Prognosis  

• 85–90 % patient satisfaction after primary surgery  

• Asian thick-skin anatomy often requires dorsal augmentation and strong tip framework  

• Revision rate 5–15 % due to soft-tissue asymmetry, graft visibility, evolving expectations


13. Conclusion  

Rhinoplasty merges anatomical science, artistic judgment, and comprehensive peri-operative care. Success relies on accurate pre-operative assessment, appropriate technique selection, meticulous execution, and diligent post-operative management. Surgeons should stay current with advancements (e.g., rib cartilage micro-grafts, preservation rhinoplasty, structural-hybrid methods) to optimize both aesthetic and functional results.


Suggested References  

1. Gunter JP, Rohrich RJ. Dallas Rhinoplasty: Nasal Surgery by the Masters. 3rd ed.  

2. Toriumi DM. Structure Rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2017.  

3. Daniel RK. Rhinoplasty: An Atlas of Surgical Techniques. 2020.

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